Perhaps in the Trek universe, it is similar to STO (And somewhat EVE)
Energy (EM) weapons are more effective against shields than torpedos. (If I lost my shields quickly I'd surrender!) But upon the hull, energy weapons and torpedoes are about equal. This would explain why in the show, phasers are predominant, as they don't need to be replaced and can be remodulated fairly quickly.
BC doesn't and probably can't deal with damage types, and would require significant rebuilding to do so.